Differential efficacy between stenting and plain balloon angioplasty for femoropopliteal disease with or without total occlusion

Study population

The Korean Vascular Intervention Society Endovascular Therapy in Lower-Limb Artery Diseases (K-VIS ELLA) registry is a multicenter, observational, retrospective, and prospective study of patients with lower extremity artery diseases treated with endovascular therapy (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02748226). The present study used data from the retrospective patient cohort, which consists of datasets from 3,073 patients with 3,972 target limbs treated between January 2006 and July 2015 in 31 Korean hospitals [5]. Data regarding the patient baseline clinical, lesion, and procedural characteristics were collected from their electronic medical records. We excluded patients who did not receive femoropopliteal intervention (Fig. 1). We also excluded patients who were treated with drug-coated balloon or drug-eluting stents. We divided the patients into 4 groups according to the presence of CTO and use of stenting as follows: CTO-POBA, patients with CTO treated with POBA; CTO-stent, patients with CTO treated with stenting; non-CTO-POBA, patients without CTO treated with POBA; non-CTO-stent, patients without CTO treated with stenting. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the participating hospitals (B-1603/340-304). The Institutional Review Boards of the participating hospitals waived the requirement for informed consent for this retrospective study.

Figure 1.

Study flow. K-VIS ELLA, the Korean Vascular Intervention Society Endovascular Therapy in Lower-Limb Artery Diseases; CTO, chronic total occlusion; POBA, plain old balloon angioplasty.

Definitions

PAD of the lower extremity was defined as the presence of ≥ 50% narrowing of a lower-extremity artery. Claudication was defined as Rutherford category 1, 2, or 3 disease (mild, moderate, or severe claudication, respectively), and critical limb ischemia was defined as Rutherford category 4, 5, or 6 disease (ischemic rest pain, minor tissue loss, or major tissue loss, respectively) [6]. The presence of hypercholesterolemia was defined as a total cholesterol level of > 200 mg/dL or treatment with a lipid-lowering agent prior to hospital admission, as documented in the medical records. Patients were considered current smokers if they smoked at least one cigarette per day within the last month. Patients were considered ex-smokers if they had stopped smoking at least 1 month prior to inclusion in the study. Congestive heart failure was defined as the presence of a left ventricular ejection fraction < 40%. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was considered to be present if the estimated glomerular filtration rate according to the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation was < 60 mL/ min/1.73 m².

Target vessels were classified as aortoiliac, femoropopliteal, anterior tibial, posterior tibial, and peroneal arteries. Target lesions of the femoropopliteal arteries were classified according to the TASC-II classification [7]. Multilevel disease was defined as the presence of significant obstructive lesions at > 1 level in the same limb (aortoiliac, femoropopliteal, and infrapopliteal). The prescribed antiplatelet drugs included aspirin, clopidogrel, ticlopidine, ticagrelor, prasugrel, and cilostazol.

Endovascular procedure

The crossover or antegrade approach was selected as appropriate. Intraluminal or subintimal wire crossing was achieved using 0.014- or 0.035-in guidewires at the discretion of the operators. Balloon angioplasty with a standard balloon was performed in both groups, and the maximal diameter of the balloon was recorded. All the patients in the stent groups received nitinol stents, including Smart Stent (Cordis, Johnson & Johnson, Fremont, CA, USA), Complete SE (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA), or Absolute pro (Abbott, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The sum of the stent length and the maximal diameter of the stents were recorded. Technical success was defined as a residual stenosis of < 30% by final angiography. Clinical success was defined as improvement in > 1 categories in the Rutherford class after the procedure.

Patient and lesion follow-up

The patients and target lesions were followed up postoperatively at 6, 12, and 24 months. We examined the results of the patient’s ankle-brachial index (ABI), duplex ultrasonography, computed tomographic angiography, and conventional peripheral angiography, which were performed at the physician’s discretion during the follow-up period.

End points

The primary end point was clinical primary patency, defined as a composite of freedom from an ABI reduction of ≥ 20% or > 0.15 in comparison with the post-intervention ABI, > 50% restenosis, as determined by duplex ultrasound (peak systolic velocity ratio < 2.4), computed tomographic angiography, or digital subtraction angiography, and freedom from clinically driven target lesion revascularization (TLR). Clinically driven TLR was adjudicated when the physicians considered reinterventions at the target lesion or if the patient complained of exertional limb discomfort or claudication within the follow-up period.

The secondary end point consisted of safety end points, including the amputation and mortality rates. We classified amputations performed above the ankle as major amputations. Amputations performed below the ankle that did not require the use of prosthesis and did not affect walking were defined as minor amputations [8,9]. Major bleeding was defined as bleeding that caused a decrease in hemoglobin level of ≥ 20 g/L (1.24 mmol/L) or that led to transfusion of ≥ 2 units of whole blood or red cells [10].

Statistical methods

Continuous variables were expressed as means with standard deviations, whereas categorical variables were presented as numbers with percentages. Continuous variables were compared using the Student t test. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test. Survival times were censored at the date of the end point or last follow-up. The Kaplan-Meier product-limit estimator and the log-rank test were used to analyze continuous survival times, and the mixed-effects Cox proportional hazards regression modeling was used to test the interaction of treatment assignment and subgroup factors, as well as multivariate modeling of risk factors. Covariates for the adjustment were selected using the stepwise Akaike information criterion (AIC) method. We included as covariates all the variables found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05) in the univariate analysis of the multivariable analysis or variables known to be clinically important, excluding those with multicollinearity with others. The proportional hazard assumption of each variable was tested on the basis of Schoenfeld residuals. The model included the available patient characteristics, clinical risk factors, lesion characteristics, and procedural data. To minimize bias by indication and missing values, an inverse-probability treatment-weighted (IPTW) cohort was created using the “twang package” after multiple imputation of missing values by the “MICE package” in the R program (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria; http://www.R-project.org). We provided a pooled result from 5 different datasets by multiple imputation. A two-sided p value of < 0.05 was considered indicative of a statistically significant difference. Statistical analyses were performed using R programming version 3.4.2 (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing). All the statistical analyses were performed by a professional statistician (S.H.K.).

Patient and lesion characteristics

The baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients in the four groups are summarized in Table 1. Baseline patient sex and preexisting risk factors (body mass index, diabetes, smoking status, and CKD) were significantly different between the groups. In addition, the incidence of critical limb ischemia and previous amputation were significantly different between the groups. Clopidogrel was prescribed at a significantlyhigher rate in the stenting group.

Table 1.

Patients’ baseline characteristics according to the presence of CTO

Among 1,558 limbs, the numbers of limbs in the non-CTO-POBA, non-CTO-stent, CTO-POBA, and CTO-stent were 345, 432, 275, and 506, respectively (Table 2). The number of patients with aortoiliac lesion was significantly higher in the stent group, whereas that of patients with infrapopliteal lesions was higher in the POBA group. Lesion characteristics differed between the two treatment groups. The mean lesion length was longer in the stenting and CTO groups. The maximal balloon diameter was significantly larger in the stenting group. The maximal stent diameter was larger and the mean stented length was shorter in the non-CTO-stent CTO-stent group than in the CTO-stent group. Technical and clinical successes and good antegrade flow were more frequently achieved in the stenting group. The postprocedural target limb ABI did not differ between the two groups.

Table 2.

Lesion and procedural characteristics according to the presence of CTO

Postprocedural follow-up

The median follow-up duration was 509 days (interquartile range, 246 to 721). The clinical primary patency in the non-CTO-stent group was significantly higher than that in the non-CTO-POBA group (p = 0.041), whereas it did not differ between the CTO-stent and CTO-POBA groups (p = 0.670) (Fig. 2A). Freedom from TLR was also higher in the non-CTO-stent group than in the non-CTO-POBA group but showed no significant difference between the CTO-POBA and CTO-stent groups (Fig. 2B). The estimated clinical primary patency and TLR rates are summarized in Supplementary Table 1. Evaluation of either the whole population or patients divided according to TASC-II classifications (TASC-II A and B vs. C and D) did not result in any difference in outcome between stenting or the POBA procedures (Supplementary Tables 2-5, Supplementary Figs. 1 and 2).

Figure 2.

Kaplan-Meier curves for outcomes. Kaplan-Meier curves for clinical primary patency and target vessel revascularization in non-the chronic total occlusion (CTO) and CTO groups. (A) Clinical primary patency, (B) freedom from target lesion revascularization (TLR). BMS, bare metal stent; POBA, plain old balloon angioplasty.

We performed a Cox proportional hazard analysis to identify and adjust covariates, which may have affected the clinical primary patency rate. Hypercholesterolemia and lesion length were significantly associated with the clinical primary patency rate in both groups, whereas chronic renal failure was differentially associated with the outcome of CTO and non-CTO lesions. Even after adjustment with the covariates, stenting was associated with a better clinical primary patency than balloon angioplasty only in the non-CTO lesion group (Table 3).

Table 3.

Predictors of primary patency according to the presence of CTO

With regard to the unbalanced baseline characteristics between the POBA and stenting groups, we performed IPTW analyses to test a causal inference from our retrospective data. Most covariates were well balanced after IPTW except for chronic renal failure, critical limb ischemia, and below-the-knee lesion in the non-CTO group (Table 4). We found that stenting in the non-CTO group led to a better clinical primary patency and freedom from TLR than did the POBA treatment in the non-CTO group in the IPTW analysis (p = 0.05 and p = 0.034, respectively) and in the adjustments for chronic renal failure, critical limb ischemia, and below-the-knee lesion (hazard ratio [HR], 1.43 [1.08 to 1.91]; p = 0.014; HR, 1.61 [1.15 to 2.26]; p = 0.006, respectively) (Fig. 3). However, in the CTO group, no significant difference was found between the treatment groups.

Table 4.

Characteristics according to the presence of CTO after inverse probability treatment weighting

Figure 3.

Kaplan-Meier curves for outcomes after inverse probability of treatment weighting. Kaplan-Meier curves for clinical primary patency and target vessel revascularization in the non-chronic total occlusion (CTO) and CTO groups. (A) Clinical primary patency, (B) freedom from target lesion revascularization (TLR). HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMS, bare metal stent; POBA, plain old balloon angioplasty.

Sensitivity analyses

Several sensitivity analyses were performed to verify the robustness of the results using exploratory subgroups, including (1) de novo lesion only after the exclusion of a previously treated lesion, (2) technical success only after the exclusion of technical failure, and (3) good antegrade flow after the procedure. In any subgroup analysis, stenting in the non-CTO group led to a better clinical primary patency and freedom from TLR than did POBA in the non-CTO group (Supplementary Figs. 3-5).

Comparison between balloon angioplasty and stenting

Clinical studies have shown the superiority of stenting to POBA in long SFA lesions [11,12], whereas in the short lesions (< 10 cm in length) no significant differences were found [13]. A previous meta-analysis showed that a short-term but no long-term benefit of primary patency from the primary stenting of SFA lesions in addition to angioplasty [14]. However, most studies were underpowered to sufficiently discriminate the efficacy of stenting in the CTO and non-CTO groups, and included patients with total occlusions comprising < 30% of the whole study population. Therefore, we do not have any data regarding the impact of CTO when deciding treatment options for SFA lesions. SFA is subject to longitudinal stretching, external compression, torsion, and flexion, which may lead to stent fractures and eventually restenosis. Therefore, understanding and identifying conditions in which stenting is superior to POBA are important. We demonstrated for the first time that stenting resulted in better clinical primary patency and was inferior to POBA only in the non-CTO lesion group, with a power of 80%. Lesion length was also a significant predictor of clinical primary patency irrespective of the presence of CTO in the multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses. The TASC-II classification is a sophisticated system used to predict patency depending on the lesion length, location, and presence of CTO. However, we found that the TASC-II classification could predict long-term clinical primary patency but could not differentiate any benefit of stenting over POBA for the SFA lesions in our study.

Comparison between CTO and stenosis

A previous study that investigated the endovascular management of SFA CTO resulted in a reasonable primary patency ranging from 44% to 58% and a secondary patency of 92% [15]. In line with our results, no significant differences were found among the treatment modalities (angioplasty, angioplasty with stenting, and atherectomy). The inability to cross all lesions intraluminally in SFA occlusions may have led to a high rate of subintimal wiring and complications such as perforation or dissection. The procedural complexity in the occluded cases potentially worsened the clinical outcomes in the stenting group, which inevitably included bailout stenting. In a study where stenting was compared with angioplasty only in patients with chronic occlusive disease treated with subintimal angioplasty, 1-year primary patency was not significantly different between the stent and no-stent groups [16].

Stenting or not: lesion or clinical indicators

In a randomized controlled trial (RCT) that reported the benefit of stenting over balloon angioplasty, the occlusion rate was 31% in the angioplasty group and 41% in the stenting group [3]. In our real-world registry, the occlusion rate was 50%, which was significantly higher than in the RCT. The overall stenting efficacy was not different from that of POBA. Therefore, stenting might be recommended only for cases of stenotic SFA lesions. The clinical status may also affect the efficacy of treatment modalities. For example, in CLI patients with SFA CTOs, atherectomy was reported to produce better outcomes than angioplasty alone [15]. The authors also reported that CTOs treated with stenting improved secondary patency rates as compared with those treated with POBA in patients with diabetes. In addition to CTO, CLI, and diabetes mellitus, additional lesion or clinical characteristics need to be identified to warrant the decision of stenting.

Future strategies

Endovascular therapies superior to POBA or bare-metal stenting have recently attracted considerable interest. Paclitaxel-eluting stents (PES) displayed sustained safety and efficacy compared with POBA in patients with femoral artery disease, with superior clinical efficacy as compared with POBA and provisional stenting [17]. In addition, paclitaxel-coated balloon angioplasty (PEB) for atherosclerotic femoropopliteal disease reduces target-lesion revascularization to a greater degree than POBA, with the advantage of leaving no prosthetic material behind [18-20]. However, decision-making criteria on whether to apply PES or PEB remain to be investigated. Whether PEB angioplasty and stenting may further reduce restenosis and improve long-term clinical outcomes as compared with PEB angioplasty alone in SFA occlusion deserves further investigation. Drug-eluting stents do not seem to be an option for SFA occlusions because a recent registry showed that PES did not improve outcomes as compared with bare-metal stents in TASC-II C and D femoropopliteal lesions [21].

Limitations

The present data do not represent the results of a randomized controlled study but instead are derived from a multicenter registry. Consequently, risk factors such as diabetes mellitus and critical limb ischemia showed a non-uniform distribution between the groups. Although we adjusted for significant risk factors, unmeasured covariates may have influenced the study outcomes. In our registry, we could not differentiate percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with provisional stenting from primary stenting. As an initial strategy, the 2 treatment options have different implications for operators in terms of procedure planning and may lead to different clinical outcomes. Our results reflect the clinical outcomes of the endovascular procedure ultimately chosen by the operators, although it is difficult to separate POBA from stenting because the femoropopliteal lesion is usually very long and treated with mixed methods.

In conclusion, in patients with femoropopliteal stenosis without CTO, stenting demonstrated better clinical outcomes than balloon angioplasty. The presence of CTO in femoropopliteal lesions should be considered when selecting a device to be used in endovascular procedures.